Environment

HR 4090, the Critical Mineral Dominance Act, aims to boost U.S. production of hardrock minerals (like rare earths, base metals, and gemstones) to strengthen domestic supply chains and national security. It requires the Secretary of the Interior to submit a 90-day report analyzing the economic impact of mineral import reliance, prioritize expedited permitting for mining projects on federal land, and review regulations to remove barriers to mineral development. The bill also mandates annual reports identifying federal lands with mineral potential and accelerates geologic mapping to locate new deposits. These provisions directly affect mining companies, federal land managers, and supply chain security efforts, focusing on concrete policy actions rather than outcomes.

Farm, Food, and National Security Act of 2026 This bill (commonly known as the farm bill) reauthorizes through FY2031 and modifies Department of Agriculture programs that address commodity support, conservation, trade and international food aid, nutrition assistance, farm credit, rural development, research and extension activities, forestry, energy, horticulture, crop insurance, livestock and other animals, and foreign investments in U.S. agricultural land.

Reducing and Eliminating Duplicative Environmental Regulations Act or the RED Tape Act This bill removes the requirement under the Clean Air Act that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) review and comment on newly authorized federal construction projects and other major federal agency actions that already require review under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and proposed federal regulations.

The FENCES Act clarifies that states can avoid penalties under the Clean Air Act for failing to meet air quality standards if pollution originates from outside U.S. borders (regardless of human activity). It allows states to demonstrate to the EPA that nonattainment areas (for ozone or particulate matter) would meet standards but for pollution from outside their borders, exceptional events, or mobile sources beyond their control. States must renew this demonstration every five years to maintain the exemption from sanctions or fees. The bill does not change air quality standards but prevents penalties for pollution sources outside a state’s jurisdiction. It applies directly to states and local areas struggling with air quality due to external pollution sources.

This resolution allows the House of Representatives to consider four separate pieces of legislation without certain procedural objections. It directly affects the legislative process by streamlining how specific bills and a resolution move through the House. The first three items are bills that amend the Clean Air Act to address air quality monitoring during wildfires, EPA review procedures, and international emissions standards. The fourth item is a resolution expressing support for tax policies aimed at helping working families. This procedural measure does not change policy itself but enables the House to vote on these underlying proposals.

This bill amends two conservation programs to provide upfront payments for emergency repairs. Agricultural producers can receive up to 50% of fencing repair costs or up to 75% for other farmland rehabilitation work before starting repairs. Forest landowners may get up to 75% of emergency restoration costs before implementing measures, with funds needing to be spent within 180 days or returned. It also clarifies that federally-caused wildfires (if spread by natural causes) qualify for payments under the program.

This bill extends funding periods for several key water restoration programs through 2031, including the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative, Long Island Sound program, and Columbia River Basin restoration. It modifies the San Francisco Bay program to require 25% non-Federal cost-sharing for projects and updates coastal water quality monitoring rules to include new testing technologies. The bill also restricts federal funds for these programs from going to non-U.S. entities or those partnering with "foreign countries of concern." These changes directly affect state, local, and nonprofit entities managing federally funded water restoration projects across specific geographic regions.

HR 556, the Protecting Access for Hunters and Anglers Act, prevents federal agencies from banning lead ammunition or tackle on public lands and waters managed for hunting or fishing. It directly affects hunters and anglers using federal lands (like national wildlife refuges, public forests, and BLM lands) by blocking nationwide restrictions on lead products. The bill allows limited exceptions only for specific locations where wildlife decline is directly linked to lead use, and the restriction must align with state law or get approval from the state wildlife agency. This changes how federal land managers can regulate lead, requiring state coordination for any local restrictions.

The MAWS Act of 2026 establishes a 3-year pilot program (2027-2029) to purchase invasive blue catfish from watermen and seafood processors within the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. It authorizes $2 million annually to fund covered entities - manufacturers of pet food, animal feed, or aquaculture feed - to buy blue catfish caught in the watershed, requiring certification of origin and setting minimum prices based on market factors. The program mandates detailed reporting on environmental impacts, economic effects on watermen, and market responses to inform future policy. This directly supports watermen and processors by creating a market for invasive blue catfish while collecting data for potential expansion to other watersheds.

Mining Regulatory Clarity Act This bill allows mining operators to use federal lands for activities ancillary to mining, such as waste disposal, regardless of whether those lands contain mineral deposits valuable enough to be mined (mineral validity). It also establishes the Abandoned Hardrock Mine Fund. The bill addresses a 2022 decision in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit related to the Rosemont Copper Mine in Arizona (commonly known as the Rosemont decision , described further in CRS Report R48166 ). The court held that mining claims are only allowed where mineral validity has been established and that mill site claims are more appropriate means for establishing a mining waste disposal site under the Mining Act. The bill allows a mining operator to (1) locate and include within its plan of operations as many mill site claims (e.g., areas for waste rock disposal) as are reasonably necessary for its operations, and (2) use or occupy public land in accordance with an approved plan of operations. Additionally, the bill requires any revenue generated from fees for such mill site claims to be deposited into the Abandoned Hardrock Mine Fund. The Department of the Interior must use the fund for certain abandoned hardrock mine reclamation activities.