Campaign finance of current members

Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions Subcommittee

The Federal Election Commission filings of the people who currently sit on this committee. The committee itself receives no campaign money and files nothing with the FEC.

What this page covers

This page summarizes the campaign finance of the people who currently sit on the Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions Subcommittee. It does not represent money received by the committee itself. A congressional committee is not a Federal Election Commission political committee: it has no FEC committee ID, it raises and receives nothing, and it files no campaign reports. Every amount below belongs to an individual member's own campaign, or was spent independently about that member by someone else.

Members serve on several committees at once, so these cohort figures overlap with other committees' and must never be added across them.

Scope of the 2022 cycle cohort for the Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions Subcommittee
Committee Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions Subcommittee · House committee
Cycle The 2022 two-year federal cycle
Roster as of Sep 26, 2026 Roster fingerprint 566db58d4f57f7da. A committee assignment changing produces a different fingerprint, so a figure quoted from this page can be checked against the roster it was computed from.
Current members 20 eligible · 15 with a complete FEC record · 5 without one 5 filed nothing this cycle. Each is named below with the reason.
Finance coverage Members' reports cover through Oct 10, 2022 at the earliest and Dec 31, 2022 at the latest. Most report through Dec 31, 2022.
Coverage policy Every current member of this committee's roster is counted once, even when they hold more than one FEC candidate identity. Only members with a complete FEC record for the selected cycle contribute an amount; the rest are listed with the reason and are never counted as zero.Every figure is read from the same FEC snapshot each member's own campaign-finance page reads, so a member's row here and their profile cannot disagree.
  • 5 of 20 current members have no complete FEC record for this cycle. They are listed with the reason and are excluded from every total, ranking, and chart rather than counted as zero.

The 20 current members

Every current member of this committee, in the committee's own roster order by default. Selecting a measure below ranks them by it and draws one aligned bar per member on a single shared scale. Only one measure is ever drawn at a time: receipts and cash on hand are different quantities, and putting them on one axis would compare things the filings do not compare.

Campaign finance reported by each current member of the Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions Subcommittee for the 2022 cycle
Member Party State Role on this committee Total receipts Cash on hand Direct PAC receipts Outside spending supporting Outside spending opposing Coverage
Rick W. Allen District 12 Republican GA chairman $990,713 $859,244 $326,500 $0 $0 Through Dec 31, 2022
Mark DeSaulnier District 10 Democratic CA ranking member $618,157 $575,364 $384,331 $123,164 $0 Through Dec 31, 2022
Burgess Owens District 4 Republican UT member $3,685,802 $204,950 $332,263 $180,135 $0 Through Dec 31, 2022
Donald Norcross District 1 Democratic NJ member $2,168,424 $556,948 $1,095,600 $0 $0 Through Dec 31, 2022
Greg Casar District 35 Democratic TX member $1,757,510 $162,961 $382,914 $394,955 $17,000 Through Dec 31, 2022
Jahana Hayes District 5 Democratic CT member $2,779,884 $360,243 $956,889 $1,709,750 $0 Through Dec 31, 2022
James Comer District 1 Republican KY member $1,649,490 $1,077,822 $829,900 $0 $0 Through Dec 31, 2022
Joe Courtney District 2 Democratic CT member $1,981,330 $172,106 $1,003,455 $14,226 $11,157 Through Dec 31, 2022
Joe Wilson District 2 Republican SC member $1,020,327 $264,495 $449,750 $0 $0 Through Dec 31, 2022
Lisa C. McClain District 9 Republican MI member $1,269,568 $916,503 $582,804 $0 $0 Through Dec 31, 2022
Lucy McBath District 6 Democratic GA member $5,596,711 $734,303 $636,840 $5,133,991 $31,388 Through Dec 31, 2022
Mark Takano District 39 Democratic CA member $1,254,504 $491,206 $393,944 $0 $0 Through Dec 31, 2022
Ryan Mackenzie District 7 Republican PA member $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Through Oct 10, 2022 Reports through Oct 10, 2022, 82 days behind the date most of this committee has reported through (Dec 31, 2022), so a bar on the shared scale would compare filed time rather than money.
Summer L. Lee District 12 Democratic PA member $1,851,679 $24,367 $349,219 $3,032,583 $9,200 Through Dec 31, 2022
Virginia Foxx District 5 Republican NC member $2,208,535 $2,513,026 $768,194 $1,970 $90,865 Through Dec 31, 2022

Members without a complete record for this cycle

These members are counted in the roster and excluded from every total, ranking, and chart above. None of them is treated as having raised nothing: an unlinked member, an unfiled cycle, and a partially collected record are three different facts, and the reason is stated for each.

Current members of the Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions Subcommittee without a complete FEC record for the 2022 cycle
Member Party State Why no amounts are shown
John W. Mannion Democratic NY The FEC published no filings for this member in the 2022 cycle.
Michael A. Rulli Republican OH The FEC published no filings for this member in the 2022 cycle.
Michael Baumgartner Republican WA The FEC published no filings for this member in the 2022 cycle.
Randy Fine Republican FL The FEC published no filings for this member in the 2022 cycle.
Robert F. Onder, Jr. Republican MO The FEC published no filings for this member in the 2022 cycle.

Contributions to candidates, involving current members

Money these committees gave to the authorized campaign committees of individual members of the Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions Subcommittee, out of their own funds. Each amount was received and reported by a member's own campaign. None of it was given to the Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions Subcommittee, which receives no campaign money and files nothing with the FEC.

$8,540,191 from 1,065 political committees, involving 14 of the 20 current members, in the 2022 cycle. Every share below is a share of that amount and of no other kind of activity.

Top 10 of 1065 shown $8,540,191 total · $823,900 shown here
Contributions to candidates involving current members of the Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions Subcommittee in the 2022 cycle, ranked by amount
Rank Political committee Amount Share Current members involved Which members Transactions Latest activity
1 AMERICAN CRYSTAL SUGAR COMPANY POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00110338 $110,000 1.3% 11 Donald Norcross, Greg Casar, Jahana Hayes, James Comer, Joe Courtney, Joe Wilson, Lisa C. McClain, Lucy McBath, Mark DeSaulnier, Mark Takano, Rick W. Allen 23 Oct 17, 2022
2 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00030718 $98,000 1.1% 12 Burgess Owens, Donald Norcross, Jahana Hayes, James Comer, Joe Courtney, Joe Wilson, Lisa C. McClain, Lucy McBath, Mark DeSaulnier, Mark Takano, Rick W. Allen, Virginia Foxx 42 Oct 12, 2022
3 CULAC THE PAC OF CREDIT UNION NATIONAL ASSOCIATION C00007880 $92,000 1.1% 14 Burgess Owens, Donald Norcross, Greg Casar, Jahana Hayes, James Comer, Joe Courtney, Joe Wilson, Lisa C. McClain, Lucy McBath, Mark DeSaulnier, Mark Takano, Rick W. Allen, Summer L. Lee, Virginia Foxx 30 Oct 31, 2022
4 NATIONAL BEER WHOLESALERS ASSOCIATION POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00144766 $84,500 1.0% 12 Burgess Owens, Donald Norcross, Jahana Hayes, James Comer, Joe Courtney, Joe Wilson, Lisa C. McClain, Lucy McBath, Mark DeSaulnier, Mark Takano, Rick W. Allen, Virginia Foxx 44 Oct 20, 2022
5 AMERICAN ISRAEL PUBLIC AFFAIRS COMMITTEE POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00797670 $82,400 1.0% 10 Burgess Owens, Donald Norcross, Jahana Hayes, James Comer, Joe Courtney, Joe Wilson, Lisa C. McClain, Lucy McBath, Rick W. Allen, Virginia Foxx 24 Nov 2, 2022
6 THE HOME DEPOT INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00284885 $80,500 0.9% 8 Burgess Owens, Jahana Hayes, James Comer, Joe Wilson, Lisa C. McClain, Mark Takano, Rick W. Allen, Virginia Foxx 21 Nov 4, 2022
7 MACHINISTS NON PARTISAN POLITICAL LEAGUE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MACHINISTS & AEROSPACE WORKERS C00002469 $75,000 0.9% 7 Donald Norcross, Greg Casar, Jahana Hayes, Joe Courtney, Lucy McBath, Mark DeSaulnier, Mark Takano 15 Oct 28, 2022
8 NATIONAL AUTOMOBILE DEALERS ASSOCIATION POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00040998 $70,000 0.8% 8 Burgess Owens, Donald Norcross, James Comer, Joe Courtney, Joe Wilson, Lisa C. McClain, Rick W. Allen, Virginia Foxx 16 Oct 24, 2022
9 INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF ELECTRICAL WORKERS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00027342 $66,500 0.8% 8 Donald Norcross, Greg Casar, Jahana Hayes, Joe Courtney, Lucy McBath, Mark DeSaulnier, Mark Takano, Summer L. Lee 18 Oct 13, 2022
10 AMERICAN BANKERS ASSOCIATION PAC (BANKPAC) C00004275 $65,000 0.8% 8 Burgess Owens, Donald Norcross, James Comer, Joe Courtney, Joe Wilson, Lisa C. McClain, Rick W. Allen, Virginia Foxx 28 Oct 19, 2022
Show all 1,065 in the complete table →

Money forwarded to candidates, involving current members

This money was not given by the committees named below. Each is a conduit: individual donors contributed and earmarked the money, and the conduit transmitted it to members' campaigns. It is kept out of the contributions ranking above because the donors are individuals, not these committees.

$58,847 from 3 political committees, involving 5 of the 20 current members, in the 2022 cycle. Every share below is a share of that amount and of no other kind of activity.

All 3 shown $58,847 total
Money forwarded to candidates involving current members of the Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions Subcommittee in the 2022 cycle, ranked by amount
Rank Political committee Amount Share Current members involved Which members Transactions Latest activity
1 ACTBLUE C00401224 $58,147 98.8% 4 Greg Casar, Jahana Hayes, Lucy McBath, Mark Takano 54 Aug 26, 2022
2 DEMOCRACY ENGINE, INC., PAC C00468314 $700 1.2% 1 Lucy McBath 1 Mar 21, 2022
3 WINRED C00694323 $0 0.0% 1 Burgess Owens 46 Sep 19, 2022

Jointly raised money passed on to participants, involving current members

A joint fundraising committee raises money for several participants at once and passes each one its share. A transfer below is that split arriving at a member's campaign, not a committee choosing to fund that member, and it is never counted as a contribution.

$3,000 from 1 political committee, involving 1 of the 20 current members, in the 2022 cycle. Every share below is a share of that amount and of no other kind of activity.

1 recipient shown $3,000 total
Jointly raised money passed on to participants involving current members of the Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions Subcommittee in the 2022 cycle, ranked by amount
Rank Political committee Amount Share Current members involved Which members Transactions Latest activity
1 THE GUARDIAN FUND C00493221 $3,000 100.0% 1 Burgess Owens 3 Nov 4, 2021

Independent spending supporting candidates, involving current members

Independent expenditures advocating for individual members. This spending was not coordinated with, received by, or controlled by any member's campaign, and it was certainly not received by the Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions Subcommittee. It is never added to what a member raised.

$10,590,774 from 38 political committees, involving 8 of the 20 current members, in the 2022 cycle. Every share below is a share of that amount and of no other kind of activity.

Top 10 of 38 shown $10,590,774 total · $9,350,541 shown here
Independent spending supporting candidates involving current members of the Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions Subcommittee in the 2022 cycle, ranked by amount
Rank Political committee Amount Share Current members involved Which members Transactions Latest activity
1 PROTECT OUR FUTURE PAC C00801514 $1,919,430 18.1% 1 Lucy McBath 7 Mar 14, 2022
2 EVERYTOWN FOR GUN SAFETY VICTORY FUND (EVERYTOWN VICTORY FUND) C00688655 $1,874,261 17.7% 1 Lucy McBath 21 May 19, 2022
3 JUSTICE DEMOCRATS PAC C00630665 $1,510,878 14.3% 2 Greg Casar, Summer L. Lee 18 Nov 4, 2022
4 WFP NATIONAL PAC C00606962 $1,098,917 10.4% 3 Greg Casar, Jahana Hayes, Summer L. Lee 27 Nov 6, 2022
5 INDEPENDENCE USA PAC C00532705 $1,068,690 10.1% 1 Lucy McBath 4 May 18, 2022
6 DCCC C00000935 $848,895 8.0% 1 Jahana Hayes 27 Nov 2, 2022
7 NEA ADVOCACY FUND C00489815 $314,727 3.0% 1 Jahana Hayes 1 Oct 20, 2022
8 LCV VICTORY FUND C00486845 $275,255 2.6% 2 Jahana Hayes, Summer L. Lee 14 Oct 18, 2022
9 CONGRESSIONAL PROGRESSIVE CAUCUS PAC C00513176 $259,353 2.4% 1 Summer L. Lee 7 Oct 26, 2022
10 ELBERT GUILLORY'S AMERICA C00607374 $180,135 1.7% 1 Burgess Owens 21 Sep 27, 2022
Show all 38 in the complete table →

Independent spending opposing candidates, involving current members

Independent expenditures advocating against individual members. This spending was not coordinated with, received by, or controlled by any member's campaign or by the Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions Subcommittee. Money spent against a member is not money that member raised, and the two are never combined.

$159,611 from 6 political committees, involving 5 of the 20 current members, in the 2022 cycle. Every share below is a share of that amount and of no other kind of activity.

All 6 shown $159,611 total
Independent spending opposing candidates involving current members of the Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions Subcommittee in the 2022 cycle, ranked by amount
Rank Political committee Amount Share Current members involved Which members Transactions Latest activity
1 REBUILD USA C90021593 $90,865 56.9% 1 Virginia Foxx 1 Oct 7, 2022
2 DEMOCRATS SERVE C00774463 $26,388 16.5% 1 Lucy McBath 2 May 20, 2022
3 SAFETX C90021270 $17,000 10.7% 1 Greg Casar 2 Feb 12, 2022
4 CPAC ACTION PAC C00130658 $11,157 7.0% 1 Joe Courtney 2 Oct 26, 2022
5 NRCC C00075820 $9,200 5.8% 1 Summer L. Lee 1 Oct 25, 2022
6 STAND FOR FREEDOM PAC C00810051 $5,000 3.1% 1 Lucy McBath 1 Nov 1, 2022

Every political committee, one kind of activity at a time

The complete ranked list behind the sections above. Kinds are never merged into one table: a contribution a member received and an independent expenditure a member never received are not the same money, and a single ranking covering both would say they are.

25 of 1065 shown (page 2) $8,540,191 total · $980,900 shown here
Every political committee with contributions to candidates involving current members of the Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions Subcommittee in the 2022 cycle
Rank Political committee Amount Share Current members involved Which members Transactions Latest activity
26 INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FIREFIGHTERS INTERESTED IN REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION PAC C00029447 $45,400 0.5% 7 Donald Norcross, Greg Casar, Jahana Hayes, Joe Courtney, Lucy McBath, Mark DeSaulnier, Mark Takano 17 Oct 26, 2022
27 LABORERS' INTERNATIONAL UNION OF NORTH AMERICA (LIUNA) PAC C00007922 $45,000 0.5% 6 Donald Norcross, Jahana Hayes, Joe Courtney, Lucy McBath, Mark DeSaulnier, Mark Takano 14 Nov 4, 2022
28 THE COUNCIL OF INSURANCE AGENTS & BROKERS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00039578 $45,000 0.5% 6 Donald Norcross, Jahana Hayes, Joe Courtney, Lisa C. McClain, Mark Takano, Virginia Foxx 13 Sep 6, 2022
29 PROGRESSIVE TURNOUT PROJECT C00580068 $45,000 0.5% 7 Greg Casar, Jahana Hayes, Joe Courtney, Lucy McBath, Mark DeSaulnier, Mark Takano, Summer L. Lee 16 Oct 21, 2022
30 LOCKHEED MARTIN CORPORATION EMPLOYEES' POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00303024 $44,000 0.5% 10 Burgess Owens, Donald Norcross, Jahana Hayes, James Comer, Joe Courtney, Joe Wilson, Lisa C. McClain, Mark DeSaulnier, Rick W. Allen, Virginia Foxx 36 Oct 10, 2022
31 BUILD POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HOME BUILDERS (BUILDPAC) C00000901 $43,500 0.5% 6 Burgess Owens, James Comer, Joe Wilson, Lisa C. McClain, Rick W. Allen, Virginia Foxx 11 Oct 18, 2022
32 INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF BOILERMAKERS CAMPAIGN ASSISTANCE FUND C00005157 $42,500 0.5% 6 Donald Norcross, Greg Casar, Jahana Hayes, Joe Courtney, Mark DeSaulnier, Mark Takano 12 Oct 17, 2022
33 AFLAC POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (AFLAC PAC) C00034157 $42,500 0.5% 9 Donald Norcross, Jahana Hayes, Joe Courtney, Joe Wilson, Lisa C. McClain, Mark DeSaulnier, Mark Takano, Rick W. Allen, Virginia Foxx 15 Oct 24, 2022
34 GENERAL DYNAMICS CORPORATION POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (GENERAL DYNAMICS EMPLOYEE PAC) C00078451 $42,000 0.5% 6 Donald Norcross, Jahana Hayes, Joe Courtney, Joe Wilson, Lisa C. McClain, Rick W. Allen 24 Nov 1, 2022
35 AMERICAN HOTEL AND LODGING ASSOCIATION POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE ('HOTELPAC') C00001198 $40,000 0.5% 8 Burgess Owens, Greg Casar, James Comer, Joe Wilson, Lisa C. McClain, Mark Takano, Rick W. Allen, Virginia Foxx 15 Oct 31, 2022
36 HUCK PAC C00448373 $40,000 0.5% 6 Burgess Owens, James Comer, Joe Wilson, Lisa C. McClain, Rick W. Allen, Virginia Foxx 8 Aug 16, 2022
37 UNITED FOOD AND COMMERCIAL WORKERS INTERNATIONAL UNION ACTIVE BALLOT CLUB C00002766 $39,000 0.5% 7 Donald Norcross, Greg Casar, Jahana Hayes, Joe Courtney, Mark DeSaulnier, Mark Takano, Summer L. Lee 14 Nov 1, 2022
38 EMPLOYEES OF RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION PAC C00097568 $39,000 0.5% 7 Donald Norcross, Jahana Hayes, Joe Courtney, Joe Wilson, Lisa C. McClain, Mark DeSaulnier, Rick W. Allen 25 Oct 26, 2022
39 COMCAST CORPORATION & NBCUNIVERSAL POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE - FEDERAL C00248716 $38,500 0.5% 8 Burgess Owens, Donald Norcross, Jahana Hayes, James Comer, Joe Courtney, Lisa C. McClain, Mark DeSaulnier, Mark Takano 16 Nov 1, 2022
40 AMERICAN COUNCIL OF ENGINEERING COMPANIES (ACEC/PAC) C00010868 $38,000 0.4% 7 Donald Norcross, James Comer, Joe Courtney, Joe Wilson, Mark DeSaulnier, Rick W. Allen, Virginia Foxx 14 Nov 4, 2022
41 ASSOCIATED BUILDERS AND CONTRACTORS, INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (ABC PAC) C00010421 $37,500 0.4% 5 James Comer, Joe Wilson, Lisa C. McClain, Rick W. Allen, Virginia Foxx 11 Jun 10, 2022
42 NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CONTRACTORS ASSOCIATION POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00113811 $37,500 0.4% 5 Donald Norcross, James Comer, Joe Courtney, Lisa C. McClain, Virginia Foxx 11 Oct 28, 2022
43 UNITE HERE TIP CAMPAIGN COMMITTEE C00004861 $35,000 0.4% 4 Donald Norcross, Greg Casar, Joe Courtney, Lucy McBath 7 Aug 15, 2022
44 UNITED PARCEL SERVICE INC. PAC C00064766 $35,000 0.4% 8 Donald Norcross, Jahana Hayes, James Comer, Joe Courtney, Joe Wilson, Lisa C. McClain, Rick W. Allen, Virginia Foxx 16 Sep 19, 2022
45 DELTA AIR LINES PAC C00104802 $35,000 0.4% 5 Burgess Owens, Lisa C. McClain, Mark DeSaulnier, Rick W. Allen, Virginia Foxx 9 Nov 4, 2022
46 PAC TO THE FUTURE C00344234 $35,000 0.4% 5 Greg Casar, Jahana Hayes, Joe Courtney, Mark DeSaulnier, Summer L. Lee 7 Oct 24, 2022
47 JOBS, EDUCATION, & FAMILIES FIRST JEFF PAC C00617803 $35,000 0.4% 5 Greg Casar, Jahana Hayes, Joe Courtney, Lucy McBath, Summer L. Lee 11 Oct 14, 2022
48 THE NATIONAL RURAL ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE ASSOCIATION ACTION COMMITTEE FOR RURAL ELECTRIFICATION (ACRE) C00002972 $34,000 0.4% 7 Donald Norcross, James Comer, Joe Wilson, Lisa C. McClain, Mark DeSaulnier, Rick W. Allen, Virginia Foxx 18 Sep 20, 2022
49 AIR LINE PILOTS ASSOCIATION PAC C00035451 $34,000 0.4% 9 Burgess Owens, Donald Norcross, Greg Casar, Jahana Hayes, Joe Courtney, Lisa C. McClain, Mark DeSaulnier, Mark Takano, Rick W. Allen 22 Sep 23, 2022
50 INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PAINTERS AND ALLIED TRADES POLITICAL ACTION TOGETHER POLITICAL COMMITTEE C00000885 $33,500 0.4% 6 Donald Norcross, Greg Casar, Jahana Hayes, Joe Courtney, Lucy McBath, Mark DeSaulnier 14 Jun 14, 2022
Showing 26 to 50 of 1,065 political committees

What these numbers mean

The committee received none of this money
A congressional committee is a body of the House or Senate. It has no bank account, no FEC registration, and no campaign. Everything on this page belongs to the campaigns of the individual people who currently sit on it, or was spent independently about one of them by an outside organization.
A contribution is not an independent expenditure
A contribution is money a political committee gave to a member's own campaign committee, which that campaign received and reported. An independent expenditure is money spent about a member without coordinating with them; no campaign received or controlled it. The FEC treats these as different activities, and they are never combined here.
The cohort is the roster, and the roster changes
These figures cover whoever sits on the committee as of the roster date in the header. A member joining or leaving changes the cohort and its fingerprint, which is why both are printed: a figure quoted from this page can be checked against the exact roster it came from.
Cohorts overlap and must not be added
Members serve on several committees at once. A member's receipts appear in the cohort of every committee they sit on, so adding cohort totals across committees would count the same campaign's money many times over. No page here does that.
A member is counted once
Some members hold more than one FEC candidate identity, usually after moving from the House to the Senate. Their campaign is counted once in these totals, exactly as it is on their own page, and duplicate membership records for one person are one seat on the roster.
Missing is not zero
A member with no verified FEC identity, no filings for the cycle, or a partially collected record is listed with that reason and left out of every total, ranking, and chart. Treating any of them as zero would understate the cohort and misrepresent the member.
Where the money went is not why
A ranking of committees whose money reached members of one congressional committee is a description of filings. It is not evidence of influence, coordination, an agreement, or a reason for any vote, and nothing here is scored, weighted, or ranked to imply one.

Source: Federal Election Commission ↗. MyRepTracker ingests FEC records directly and does not add its own influence, risk, or corruption score.