Campaign finance of current members

Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Subcommittee

The Federal Election Commission filings of the people who currently sit on this committee. The committee itself receives no campaign money and files nothing with the FEC.

What this page covers

This page summarizes the campaign finance of the people who currently sit on the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Subcommittee. It does not represent money received by the committee itself. A congressional committee is not a Federal Election Commission political committee: it has no FEC committee ID, it raises and receives nothing, and it files no campaign reports. Every amount below belongs to an individual member's own campaign, or was spent independently about that member by someone else.

Members serve on several committees at once, so these cohort figures overlap with other committees' and must never be added across them.

Scope of the 2026 cycle cohort for the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Subcommittee
Committee Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Subcommittee · House committee
Cycle The 2026 two-year federal cycle
Roster as of Sep 26, 2026 Roster fingerprint 403436da218b3923. A committee assignment changing produces a different fingerprint, so a figure quoted from this page can be checked against the roster it was computed from.
Current members 17 eligible · 17 with a complete FEC record · 0 without one
Finance coverage Members' reports cover through Jun 30, 2026 at the earliest and Aug 21, 2026 at the latest. Most report through Jun 30, 2026.
Coverage policy Every current member of this committee's roster is counted once, even when they hold more than one FEC candidate identity. Only members with a complete FEC record for the selected cycle contribute an amount; the rest are listed with the reason and are never counted as zero.Every figure is read from the same FEC snapshot each member's own campaign-finance page reads, so a member's row here and their profile cannot disagree.

The 17 current members

Every current member of this committee, in the committee's own roster order by default. Selecting a measure below ranks them by it and draws one aligned bar per member on a single shared scale. Only one measure is ever drawn at a time: receipts and cash on hand are different quantities, and putting them on one axis would compare things the filings do not compare.

Campaign finance reported by each current member of the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Subcommittee for the 2026 cycle
Member Party State Role on this committee Total receipts Cash on hand Direct PAC receipts Outside spending supporting Outside spending opposing Coverage
Robert B. Aderholt District 4 Republican AL chair $1,022,664 $749,660 $422,278 $0 $0 Through Jun 30, 2026
Julia Letlow District 5 Republican LA vice chair $2,078,841 $0 $777,477 $0 $0 Through Aug 21, 2026 Reports through Aug 21, 2026, 52 days past the date most of this committee has reported through (Jun 30, 2026), so a bar on the shared scale would cover a period the rest have not yet filed.
Rosa L. DeLauro District 3 Democratic CT ranking member $1,152,007 $349,418 $520,762 $0 $0 Through Jun 30, 2026
Andrew S. Clyde District 9 Republican GA member $671,072 $176,253 $118,711 $35,522 $44,440 Through Jun 30, 2026
Andy Harris District 1 Republican MD member $2,319,668 $1,853,603 $443,459 $15,256 $36,174 Through Jun 30, 2026
Bonnie Watson Coleman District 12 Democratic NJ member $302,513 $5,556 $124,583 $0 $0 Through Jun 30, 2026 Possibly out of date: last refreshed 2026-08-26
Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann District 3 Republican TN member $2,330,803 $4,835,525 $9,500 $0 $0 Through Jul 17, 2026
Jake Ellzey District 6 Republican TX member $4,660,385 $2,483,402 $743,635 $34,293 $0 Through Jun 30, 2026
John R. Moolenaar District 2 Republican MI member $1,652,235 $1,905,561 $548,883 $0 $0 Through Jul 15, 2026
Josh Harder District 9 Democratic CA member $4,083,528 $4,739,488 $506,622 $0 $0 Through Jun 30, 2026
Lois Frankel District 22 Democratic FL member $2,276,254 $1,212,162 $525,250 $151,726 $0 Through Jul 29, 2026
Madeleine Dean District 4 Democratic PA member $1,371,536 $1,184,807 $725,200 $0 $0 Through Jun 30, 2026
Mark Pocan District 2 Democratic WI member $814,874 $884,043 $401,660 $0 $0 Through Jul 22, 2026
Michael K. Simpson District 2 Republican ID member $1,118,093 $429,359 $611,500 $0 $0 Through Jun 30, 2026
Riley M. Moore District 2 Republican WV member $1,325,162 $751,072 $522,450 $0 $0 Through Jun 30, 2026
Steny H. Hoyer District 5 Democratic MD member $402,330 $322,867 $259,000 $0 $0 Through Jun 30, 2026
Stephanie I. Bice District 5 Republican OK member $1,943,507 $2,021,981 $973,750 $0 $0 Through Jun 30, 2026

Contributions to candidates, involving current members

Money these committees gave to the authorized campaign committees of individual members of the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Subcommittee, out of their own funds. Each amount was received and reported by a member's own campaign. None of it was given to the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Subcommittee, which receives no campaign money and files nothing with the FEC.

$9,406,693 from 1,093 political committees, involving 17 of the 17 current members, in the 2026 cycle. Every share below is a share of that amount and of no other kind of activity.

Top 10 of 1093 shown $9,406,693 total · $803,500 shown here
Contributions to candidates involving current members of the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Subcommittee in the 2026 cycle, ranked by amount
Rank Political committee Amount Share Current members involved Which members Transactions Latest activity
1 EMPLOYEES OF NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION PAC C00088591 $112,500 1.2% 13 Andy Harris, Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann, Jake Ellzey, John R. Moolenaar, Julia Letlow, Lois Frankel, Madeleine Dean, Michael K. Simpson, Riley M. Moore, Robert B. Aderholt, Rosa L. DeLauro, Steny H. Hoyer, Stephanie I. Bice 46 Jul 28, 2026
2 THE BOEING COMPANY PAC C00142711 $83,500 0.9% 11 Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann, Jake Ellzey, John R. Moolenaar, Julia Letlow, Lois Frankel, Madeleine Dean, Michael K. Simpson, Riley M. Moore, Robert B. Aderholt, Rosa L. DeLauro, Stephanie I. Bice 70 Jun 24, 2026
3 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00077321 $80,000 0.9% 12 Andy Harris, Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann, Jake Ellzey, John R. Moolenaar, Julia Letlow, Madeleine Dean, Mark Pocan, Michael K. Simpson, Riley M. Moore, Robert B. Aderholt, Rosa L. DeLauro, Stephanie I. Bice 25 Jul 10, 2026
4 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00030718 $79,000 0.8% 17 Andrew S. Clyde, Andy Harris, Bonnie Watson Coleman, Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann, Jake Ellzey, John R. Moolenaar, Josh Harder, Julia Letlow, Lois Frankel, Madeleine Dean, Mark Pocan, Michael K. Simpson, Riley M. Moore, Robert B. Aderholt, Rosa L. DeLauro, Steny H. Hoyer, Stephanie I. Bice 46 Jul 29, 2026
5 GENERAL DYNAMICS CORPORATION POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (GENERAL DYNAMICS EMPLOYEE PAC) C00078451 $78,000 0.8% 13 Bonnie Watson Coleman, Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann, Jake Ellzey, John R. Moolenaar, Julia Letlow, Lois Frankel, Madeleine Dean, Michael K. Simpson, Riley M. Moore, Robert B. Aderholt, Rosa L. DeLauro, Steny H. Hoyer, Stephanie I. Bice 36 Jul 13, 2026
6 LEIDOS INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00546234 $76,500 0.8% 11 Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann, Jake Ellzey, John R. Moolenaar, Julia Letlow, Lois Frankel, Madeleine Dean, Michael K. Simpson, Riley M. Moore, Robert B. Aderholt, Rosa L. DeLauro, Stephanie I. Bice 61 Jul 29, 2026
7 NATIONAL BEER WHOLESALERS ASSOCIATION POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00144766 $76,000 0.8% 16 Andy Harris, Bonnie Watson Coleman, Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann, Jake Ellzey, John R. Moolenaar, Josh Harder, Julia Letlow, Lois Frankel, Madeleine Dean, Mark Pocan, Michael K. Simpson, Riley M. Moore, Robert B. Aderholt, Rosa L. DeLauro, Steny H. Hoyer, Stephanie I. Bice 34 Jul 13, 2026
8 AMERICAN BANKERS ASSOCIATION PAC (BANKPAC) C00004275 $75,500 0.8% 13 Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann, Jake Ellzey, John R. Moolenaar, Josh Harder, Julia Letlow, Lois Frankel, Madeleine Dean, Mark Pocan, Michael K. Simpson, Robert B. Aderholt, Rosa L. DeLauro, Steny H. Hoyer, Stephanie I. Bice 35 Jun 17, 2026
9 AMERICAN CRYSTAL SUGAR COMPANY POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00110338 $72,500 0.8% 12 John R. Moolenaar, Josh Harder, Julia Letlow, Lois Frankel, Madeleine Dean, Mark Pocan, Michael K. Simpson, Riley M. Moore, Robert B. Aderholt, Rosa L. DeLauro, Steny H. Hoyer, Stephanie I. Bice 15 Apr 28, 2026
10 NATIONAL RURAL ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE ASSOCIATION AMERICA'S ELECTRIC COOPERATIVES PAC C00002972 $70,000 0.7% 15 Andy Harris, Bonnie Watson Coleman, Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann, Jake Ellzey, John R. Moolenaar, Josh Harder, Julia Letlow, Lois Frankel, Mark Pocan, Michael K. Simpson, Riley M. Moore, Robert B. Aderholt, Rosa L. DeLauro, Steny H. Hoyer, Stephanie I. Bice 54 Jul 9, 2026
Show all 1,093 in the complete table →

Money forwarded to candidates, involving current members

This money was not given by the committees named below. Each is a conduit: individual donors contributed and earmarked the money, and the conduit transmitted it to members' campaigns. It is kept out of the contributions ranking above because the donors are individuals, not these committees.

$10,500 from 3 political committees, involving 2 of the 17 current members, in the 2026 cycle. Every share below is a share of that amount and of no other kind of activity.

All 3 shown $10,500 total
Money forwarded to candidates involving current members of the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Subcommittee in the 2026 cycle, ranked by amount
Rank Political committee Amount Share Current members involved Which members Transactions Latest activity
1 ACTBLUE C00401224 $7,000 66.7% 1 Josh Harder 1 Apr 23, 2026
2 AMERICAN ISRAEL PUBLIC AFFAIRS COMMITTEE POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00797670 $3,500 33.3% 1 Josh Harder 1 May 7, 2026
3 WINRED C00694323 $0 0.0% 1 John R. Moolenaar 2 Apr 23, 2025

Jointly raised money passed on to participants, involving current members

A joint fundraising committee raises money for several participants at once and passes each one its share. A transfer below is that split arriving at a member's campaign, not a committee choosing to fund that member, and it is never counted as a contribution.

$3,500 from 1 political committee, involving 1 of the 17 current members, in the 2026 cycle. Every share below is a share of that amount and of no other kind of activity.

1 recipient shown $3,500 total
Jointly raised money passed on to participants involving current members of the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Subcommittee in the 2026 cycle, ranked by amount
Rank Political committee Amount Share Current members involved Which members Transactions Latest activity
1 LEAN FORWARD AMERICA C00930396 $3,500 100.0% 1 Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann 1 Dec 15, 2025

Independent spending supporting candidates, involving current members

Independent expenditures advocating for individual members. This spending was not coordinated with, received by, or controlled by any member's campaign, and it was certainly not received by the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Subcommittee. It is never added to what a member raised.

$236,797 from 5 political committees, involving 4 of the 17 current members, in the 2026 cycle. Every share below is a share of that amount and of no other kind of activity.

All 5 shown $236,797 total
Independent spending supporting candidates involving current members of the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Subcommittee in the 2026 cycle, ranked by amount
Rank Political committee Amount Share Current members involved Which members Transactions Latest activity
1 PROTECT PROGRESS C00848440 $151,713 64.1% 1 Lois Frankel 3 Aug 3, 2026
2 FREEDOM CAUCUS FUND C00552851 $40,764 17.2% 2 Andrew S. Clyde, Andy Harris 37 Jun 3, 2026
3 PATRIOTIC FUND, INC. C00899419 $34,293 14.5% 1 Jake Ellzey 1 Mar 27, 2025
4 HOUSE FREEDOM ACTION C00662221 $10,014 4.2% 1 Andrew S. Clyde 1 Feb 18, 2025
5 EQUALITY FLORIDA ACTION INC. C90020041 $13 0.0% 1 Lois Frankel 1 Sep 14, 2026

Independent spending opposing candidates, involving current members

Independent expenditures advocating against individual members. This spending was not coordinated with, received by, or controlled by any member's campaign or by the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Subcommittee. Money spent against a member is not money that member raised, and the two are never combined.

$80,614 from 2 political committees, involving 2 of the 17 current members, in the 2026 cycle. Every share below is a share of that amount and of no other kind of activity.

All 2 shown $80,614 total
Independent spending opposing candidates involving current members of the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Subcommittee in the 2026 cycle, ranked by amount
Rank Political committee Amount Share Current members involved Which members Transactions Latest activity
1 GEORGIA CONSERVATIVE ALLIANCE INC. C00899682 $44,440 55.1% 1 Andrew S. Clyde 1 Apr 9, 2026
2 INDIVISIBLE PROJECT INC. C90017492 $36,174 44.9% 1 Andy Harris 7 Sep 14, 2026

Every political committee, one kind of activity at a time

The complete ranked list behind the sections above. Kinds are never merged into one table: a contribution a member received and an independent expenditure a member never received are not the same money, and a single ranking covering both would say they are.

25 of 1093 shown (page 4) $9,406,693 total · $627,000 shown here
Every political committee with contributions to candidates involving current members of the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Subcommittee in the 2026 cycle
Rank Political committee Amount Share Current members involved Which members Transactions Latest activity
76 MARATHON PETROLEUM CORPORATION EMPLOYEES POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (MPAC) C00496307 $27,500 0.3% 4 Jake Ellzey, Julia Letlow, Riley M. Moore, Stephanie I. Bice 7 Mar 23, 2026
77 AMERICAN RESORT DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION RESORT OWNERS COALITION PAC (ARDA-ROC PAC) C00358663 $27,000 0.3% 5 Julia Letlow, Lois Frankel, Riley M. Moore, Steny H. Hoyer, Stephanie I. Bice 7 Jul 17, 2026
78 MICHIGAN SUGAR COMPANY GROWERS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00384354 $27,000 0.3% 9 John R. Moolenaar, Josh Harder, Julia Letlow, Lois Frankel, Madeleine Dean, Mark Pocan, Michael K. Simpson, Riley M. Moore, Stephanie I. Bice 10 Apr 14, 2026
79 REGIONS FINANCIAL CORPORATION POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00432252 $27,000 0.3% 7 Andrew S. Clyde, Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann, Jake Ellzey, Julia Letlow, Lois Frankel, Madeleine Dean, Robert B. Aderholt 12 May 19, 2026
80 NATIONAL MULTIFAMILY HOUSING COUNCIL AND REAL ESTATE TECHNOLOGY AND TRANSFORMATION CENTER POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (NMHC PAC) C00130773 $26,500 0.3% 7 Josh Harder, Julia Letlow, Madeleine Dean, Michael K. Simpson, Riley M. Moore, Steny H. Hoyer, Stephanie I. Bice 13 May 14, 2026
81 BWX TECHNOLOGIES, INC POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00365502 $26,500 0.3% 6 Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann, Jake Ellzey, Michael K. Simpson, Riley M. Moore, Robert B. Aderholt, Steny H. Hoyer 11 May 19, 2026
82 APPLIED INTUITION, INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (APPLIED PAC) C00828830 $26,500 0.3% 5 Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann, Jake Ellzey, John R. Moolenaar, Rosa L. DeLauro, Stephanie I. Bice 10 Jun 30, 2026
83 NEA FUND FOR CHILDREN AND PUBLIC EDUCATION C00003251 $26,000 0.3% 7 Bonnie Watson Coleman, Josh Harder, Lois Frankel, Madeleine Dean, Mark Pocan, Rosa L. DeLauro, Steny H. Hoyer 11 May 7, 2026
84 ENTERGY CORPORATION EMPLOYEE POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (ENPAC) C00363879 $26,000 0.3% 4 Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann, Julia Letlow, Michael K. Simpson, Robert B. Aderholt 12 Jun 10, 2026
85 PHILLIPS 66 PAC C00513549 $26,000 0.3% 5 Jake Ellzey, Julia Letlow, Riley M. Moore, Steny H. Hoyer, Stephanie I. Bice 11 May 28, 2026
86 NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CONTRACTORS ASSOCIATION POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00113811 $25,000 0.3% 7 Julia Letlow, Madeleine Dean, Mark Pocan, Michael K. Simpson, Riley M. Moore, Rosa L. DeLauro, Steny H. Hoyer 10 May 18, 2026
87 ASIAN AMERICAN HOTEL OWNERS ASSOCIATION PAC (AAHOA PAC) C00336743 $25,000 0.3% 5 Jake Ellzey, Josh Harder, Madeleine Dean, Riley M. Moore, Stephanie I. Bice 7 Apr 28, 2026
88 SIERRA NEVADA COMPANY, LLC POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00367995 $25,000 0.3% 8 Andy Harris, Jake Ellzey, Julia Letlow, Michael K. Simpson, Riley M. Moore, Robert B. Aderholt, Rosa L. DeLauro, Stephanie I. Bice 20 Jun 19, 2026
89 AMERICAN REVIVAL PAC C00639229 $25,000 0.3% 5 Andrew S. Clyde, Jake Ellzey, Julia Letlow, Michael K. Simpson, Stephanie I. Bice 5 May 11, 2026
90 NATIONAL STONE, SAND & GRAVEL ASSOCIATION ROCKPAC C00089458 $24,500 0.3% 5 Julia Letlow, Michael K. Simpson, Riley M. Moore, Robert B. Aderholt, Stephanie I. Bice 11 Jun 24, 2026
91 AMERICAN COLLEGE OF OB-GYNS PAC (OB-GYN PAC) C00364158 $24,500 0.3% 5 Bonnie Watson Coleman, Lois Frankel, Madeleine Dean, Mark Pocan, Rosa L. DeLauro 13 Jun 25, 2026
92 DELL TECHNOLOGIES, INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00369751 $24,500 0.3% 3 Jake Ellzey, Madeleine Dean, Stephanie I. Bice 8 Jun 24, 2026
93 AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00114132 $24,000 0.3% 8 Andy Harris, John R. Moolenaar, Josh Harder, Madeleine Dean, Mark Pocan, Michael K. Simpson, Robert B. Aderholt, Rosa L. DeLauro 21 Jun 23, 2026
94 TEXTRON INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00123612 $24,000 0.3% 8 Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann, Jake Ellzey, Julia Letlow, Michael K. Simpson, Riley M. Moore, Robert B. Aderholt, Rosa L. DeLauro, Stephanie I. Bice 19 Jun 17, 2026
95 NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS COOPERATIVE ASSOCIATION RURAL BROADBAND PAC C00004473 $23,500 0.2% 5 Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann, Mark Pocan, Riley M. Moore, Steny H. Hoyer, Stephanie I. Bice 7 Jun 22, 2026
96 AMALGAMATED TRANSIT UNION - COPE C00032995 $23,500 0.2% 6 Bonnie Watson Coleman, Josh Harder, Lois Frankel, Mark Pocan, Rosa L. DeLauro, Steny H. Hoyer 10 Jul 16, 2026
97 BLUE ORIGIN LLC POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (BLUE ORIGIN PAC) C00557793 $23,500 0.2% 8 Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann, Jake Ellzey, Julia Letlow, Michael K. Simpson, Riley M. Moore, Robert B. Aderholt, Rosa L. DeLauro, Stephanie I. Bice 15 Mar 25, 2026
98 APPLIED RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (ARAPAC) C00762427 $23,500 0.2% 5 Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann, Julia Letlow, Michael K. Simpson, Riley M. Moore, Robert B. Aderholt 9 Jun 23, 2026
99 AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATION PAC C00382424 $23,000 0.2% 7 Andy Harris, Julia Letlow, Madeleine Dean, Mark Pocan, Michael K. Simpson, Rosa L. DeLauro, Stephanie I. Bice 12 May 12, 2026
100 INDEPENDENT INSURANCE AGENTS & BROKERS OF AMERICA, INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (INSURPAC) C00022343 $22,500 0.2% 4 John R. Moolenaar, Julia Letlow, Riley M. Moore, Stephanie I. Bice 9 Jun 15, 2026
Showing 76 to 100 of 1,093 political committees
Previous 1 … 3 4 5 … 44 Next

What these numbers mean

The committee received none of this money
A congressional committee is a body of the House or Senate. It has no bank account, no FEC registration, and no campaign. Everything on this page belongs to the campaigns of the individual people who currently sit on it, or was spent independently about one of them by an outside organization.
A contribution is not an independent expenditure
A contribution is money a political committee gave to a member's own campaign committee, which that campaign received and reported. An independent expenditure is money spent about a member without coordinating with them; no campaign received or controlled it. The FEC treats these as different activities, and they are never combined here.
The cohort is the roster, and the roster changes
These figures cover whoever sits on the committee as of the roster date in the header. A member joining or leaving changes the cohort and its fingerprint, which is why both are printed: a figure quoted from this page can be checked against the exact roster it came from.
Cohorts overlap and must not be added
Members serve on several committees at once. A member's receipts appear in the cohort of every committee they sit on, so adding cohort totals across committees would count the same campaign's money many times over. No page here does that.
A member is counted once
Some members hold more than one FEC candidate identity, usually after moving from the House to the Senate. Their campaign is counted once in these totals, exactly as it is on their own page, and duplicate membership records for one person are one seat on the roster.
Missing is not zero
A member with no verified FEC identity, no filings for the cycle, or a partially collected record is listed with that reason and left out of every total, ranking, and chart. Treating any of them as zero would understate the cohort and misrepresent the member.
Where the money went is not why
A ranking of committees whose money reached members of one congressional committee is a description of filings. It is not evidence of influence, coordination, an agreement, or a reason for any vote, and nothing here is scored, weighted, or ranked to imply one.

Source: Federal Election Commission ↗. MyRepTracker ingests FEC records directly and does not add its own influence, risk, or corruption score.