HB 281 Virginia House of Delegates · 2026 Regular Session

Va. Residential Landlord and Tenant Act; defense to action for possessions for nonpayment of rent.

Summary
Virginia Residential Landlord and Tenant Act; noncompliance as defense to action for possession for nonpayment of rent. Removes the provision requiring that a tenant in possession of a dwelling unit, prior to asserting a defense against an action for rent or possession, pay into court the amount of rent found by the court to be due and unpaid and for such amount to be held by the court pending the issuance of an order. The bill also limits the discretion of the court in actions for possession based upon nonpayment of rent and actions for rent by a landlord when the tenant is in possession of a dwelling unit. The bill has a delayed effective date of January 1, 2027.
Bill status vetoed 4 of 5 stages cleared
Introduction
Jan 2026
Committee Review
Mar 2026
House of Delegates Passage
Mar 2026
Senate Passage
Mar 2026
Vetoed
Apr 2026
Introduced Jan 9, 2026 Vetoed Apr 11, 2026
Maddy AI version diff · 3 comparisons

What changed between versions

Governor Substitute Engrossed · 5 edits · Mar 11, 2026
MODERATE
The bill was completely rewritten to shift its focus from voter registration and election security to landlord-tenant law. The original text, which detailed how to cancel voter registrations for deceased persons or felons, was entirely removed. It was replaced with new provisions allowing tenants to defend against eviction or rent collection if the landlord fails to fix serious safety hazards, such as lack of heat, water, or electricity, or if the landlord refuses to enter the property to make repairs.
Scope change
The bill's scope changed from regulating the Virginia Department of Elections and voter list maintenance to regulating disputes between landlords and tenants under the Virginia Residential Landlord and Tenant Act.
SCOPE

All provisions related to voter registration, including list maintenance, cancellation procedures for deceased persons or felons, and security standards for voter databases, were deleted.

The bill's subject matter was fundamentally altered from election administration to housing law.

REQUIREMENT

New requirements were added allowing tenants to assert a defense against eviction or rent collection if the property has serious safety hazards (like no heat or water) or if the landlord unreasonably refuses to fix them.

ENFORCEMENT

New enforcement mechanisms were created, allowing courts to reduce rent, terminate leases, or order landlords to fix conditions if a tenant successfully raises a defense.

TIMELINE

The effective date for the new landlord-tenant provisions was set to July 1, 2027.

Floor votes · Senate Mar 6, 2026 · House of Delegates Feb 9, 2026

How they voted

380
Passed · 1 other
Total votes 39
Mar 6, 2026
D Democratic20
20 Yea
100% Yea
R Republican19
18 Yea 1
94% Yea
Vote distribution
All Yea All Nay Mixed No data
Full legislative history

Actions timeline

Total actions
37
Key actions
16
Committee
9
Amendments
5
Apr 11, 2026
Vetoed
Governor's recommendation received by House
executive
Mar 31, 2026
Lower · Passed
Signed by Speaker
lower
Mar 30, 2026
Upper · Passed
Signed by President
upper
Mar 30, 2026
Lower · Passed
Bill text as passed House and Senate (HB281ER)
lower
Mar 12, 2026
Lower · Passed
Senate amendment agreed to by House (63-Y 35-N 0-A)
lower
Mar 11, 2026
Upper · Passed
Passed Senate with amendment (21-Y 19-N 0-A)
upper
Mar 11, 2026
Introduced
Engrossed by Senate as amended
upper
Mar 11, 2026
Upper · Passed
General Laws and Technology Amendment agreed to
upper
Mar 10, 2026
Upper · Passed
Passed by for the day
upper
Mar 9, 2026
Upper · Passed
Passed by for the day
upper
Mar 6, 2026
Upper · Passed
Passed by for the day Block Vote (Voice Vote)
upper
Mar 4, 2026
Upper · Passed
Reported from General Laws and Technology with amendment (9-Y 6-N)
upper
Mar 3, 2026
Upper · Passed
Senate committee offered
upper
Feb 25, 2026
Committee
Assigned GL&T sub: Housing
upper
Feb 10, 2026
Committee
Referred to Committee on General Laws and Technology
upper
Feb 9, 2026
Lower · Passed
Read third time and passed House (64-Y 34-N 0-A)
lower
Feb 6, 2026
Introduced
Engrossed by House as amended
lower
Feb 6, 2026
Lower · Passed
committee amendment agreed to
lower
Feb 3, 2026
Lower · Passed
Reported from General Laws with amendment(s) (15-Y 6-N)
lower
Feb 3, 2026
Lower · Passed
House committee offered
lower
Jan 29, 2026
Lower · Passed
Subcommittee recommends reporting (7-Y 3-N)
lower
Jan 23, 2026
Committee
Assigned HGL sub: Housing/Consumer Protection
lower
Jan 9, 2026
Committee
Referred to Committee on General Laws
lower
1 primary · 3 co-sponsors

Sponsors