GRID Act

The GRID Act requires new data centers (20+ megawatts) to power all operations - including backup energy - from off-grid sources like captive power plants or on-site generation, effective 180 days after enactment. Existing data centers can continue using the grid for 10 years if they obtain a "Zero Rate Effect Certificate" from the Secretary of Energy, which requires studying whether the data center raises electricity rates for ratepayers - prioritizing residential rates in the analysis. Covered entities must also publicly report utility usage, property acquisitions, and financial agreements with utilities (including Rate Effect Credits) within 90 days of enactment. Violations carry $1 million daily penalties, and all power sources must comply with environmental and labor laws.