Artificial intelligence: defenses.

New subsection (c) was added to Section 1714.46, explicitly preserving a defendant's ability to raise any other affirmative defense (including causation and foreseeability evidence) and to present evidence of comparative fault by other persons or entities. This prevents the bill from being read as eliminating all defenses in AI-related tort cases.

Corrected a grammatical error: 'a defendant that developed who developed' was changed to 'a defendant who developed' throughout the bill text.

Header changed from 'Amended in Senate' to enrolled bill format with passage dates: Passed the Senate September 8, 2025 and Passed the Assembly September 9, 2025.

Added placeholders for Governor receipt date/time and approval signature line, standard for enrolled bills sent to the Governor.

Removed line-by-line numbering (line 1 through line 13) that was present in the amended version's statutory text.

The enrolled version's blank signature and date fields were replaced with the final chapter number (672), the governor's approval date (October 13, 2025), and the authenticated electronic legal material header.

The definition of covered defendants in Section 1714.46(b) was expanded from 'developed or used artificial intelligence' to 'developed, modified, or used artificial intelligence.' This means a party that modified an AI system (e.g., fine-tuned or customized it) is now also barred from asserting the autonomous-cause defense, not just the original developer or end user.